ADVANTAGES AND DISAVANTAGES OF INTERNET

Advantages

Faster Communication
The foremost target of Internet has always been speedy communication and it has excelled way beyond the expectations. Newer innovations are only going to make it faster and more reliable. Now, you can communicate in a fraction of second with a person who is sitting in the other part of the world. For more personal and interactive communication, you can avail the facilities of chat services, video conferencing and so on. Besides, there are plenty of messenger services in offering. With the help of such services, it has become very easy to establish a kind of global friendship where you can share your thoughts and explore other cultures.

Information Resources
Information is probably the biggest advantage that Internet offers. Internet is a virtual treasure trove of information. Any kind of information on any topic under the sun is available on the Internet. The search engines like Google, Yahoo are at your service on the Internet. There is a huge amount of information available on the Internet for just about every subject known to man, ranging from government law and services, trade fairs and conferences, market information, new ideas and technical support, the list is simply endless.

Students and children are among the top users who surf the Internet for research. Today, it is almost required that students should use it for research or the purpose of gathering resources. Even teachers have started giving assignments that require extensive research on the Internet. Besides, you can have an access to latest researches in the field of medicine, technology and so on. Numerous web sites such as America's Doctor also allow you to talk to the doctors online.

Entertainment
Entertainment is another popular raison d'être why many people prefer to surf the Internet. In fact, the Internet has become quite successful in trapping the multifaceted entertainment industry. Downloading games or just surfing the celebrity websites are some of the uses people have discovered. Even celebrities are using the Internet effectively for promotional campaigns. Besides, there are numerous games that can be downloaded for free. The industry of online gaming has tasted dramatic and phenomenal attention by game lovers.

Social Networking
One cannot imagine an online life without Facebook or Twitter. Social networking has become so popular amongst youth that it might one day replace physical networking. It has evolved as a great medium to connect with millions of people with similar interests. Apart from finding long-lost friends, you can also look for job, business opportunities on forums, communities etc. Besides, there are chat rooms where users can meet new and interesting people. Some of them may even end up finding their life partners.

Online Services
The Internet has made life very convenient. With numerous online services you can now perform all your transactions online. You can book tickets for a movie, transfer funds, pay utility bills, taxes etc., right from your home. Some travel websites even plan an Itinerary as per your preferences and take care of airline tickets, hotel reservations etc.

e-commerce
The concept of e-commerce is used for any type of commercial maneuvering or business deals that involves the transfer of information across the globe via the Internet. It has become a phenomenon associated with any kind of shopping, business deal etc. You name a service, and e-commerce with its giant tentacles engulfing every single product and service will make it available at your doorstep. Websites such as eBay allow you to even bid for homes, buy, sell or auction stuff online.

Disadvantages

Theft of Personal Information
If you use the Internet for online banking, social networking or other services, you may risk a theft to your personal information such as name, address, credit card number etc. Unscrupulous people can access this information through unsecured connections or by planting software and then use your personal details for their benefit. Needless to say, this may land you in serious trouble.

Spamming
Spamming refers to sending unwanted e-mails in bulk, which provide no purpose and needlessly obstruct the entire system. Such illegal activities can be very frustrating for you as it makes your Internet slower and less reliable.

Virus Threat
Internet users are often plagued by virus attacks on their systems. Virus programs are inconspicuous and may get activated if you click a seemingly harmless link. Computers connected to the Internet are very prone to targeted virus attacks and may end up crashing.

Pornography
Pornography is perhaps the biggest disadvantage of the Internet. Internet allows you to access and download millions of pornographic photos, videos and other X-rated stuff. Such unrestricted access to porn can be detrimental for children and teenagers. It can even play a havoc in marital and social lives of adults.

Social Disconnect
Thanks to the Internet, people now only meet on social networks. More and more people are getting engulfed in virtual world and drifting apart from their friends and family. Even children prefer to play online games rather than going out and mingling with other kids. This may hamper a healthy social development in children.

Thus, the Internet has the potential to make your life simple and convenient, as well as wreak havoc in your life. Its influence is mostly dictated by the choices you make while you are online. With clever use, you can manage to harness its unlimited potential.
Read more at Buzzle: http://www.buzzle.com/articles/advantages-disadvantages-internet.html

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secret of death. 2

You would know the secret of death.
But how shall you find it unless you seek it in the heart of life?
The owl whose night-bound eyes are blind unto the day
cannot unveil the mystery of light.
If you would indeed behold the spirit of death,
open your heart wide unto the body of life.
For life and death are one,
even as the river and the sea are one.

In the depth of your hopes and desires
lies your silent knowledge of the beyond;
And like the seeds dreaming beneath the snow
your heart dreams of spring.
Trust the dreams,
for in them is hidden the gate to eternity.
Your fear of death is but the trembling of the shepherd
when he stands before the king whose hand
is to be laid upon him in honour.
Is the shepherd not joyful beneath his trembling,
that he shall wear the mark of the king?
Yet is he not more mindful of his trembling?

For what is it to die but to stand naked in the wind
and to melt into the sun?
And what is it to cease breathing,
but to free the breath from its restless tides,
that it may rise and expand and seek God unencumbered?

Only when you drink from the river of silence
shall you indeed sing.
And when you have reached the mountain top,
then you shall begin to climb.
And when the earth shall claim your limbs,
then shall you truly dance.
on death -

kahlil gibran

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mystery of death

You would know the secret of death.
But how shall you find it unless you seek it in the heart of life?
The owl whose night-bound eyes are blind unto the day
cannot unveil the mystery of light.
If you would indeed behold the spirit of death,
open your heart wide unto the body of life.
For life and death are one,
even as the river and the sea are one.

In the depth of your hopes and desires
lies your silent knowledge of the beyond;
And like the seeds dreaming beneath the snow
your heart dreams of spring.
Trust the dreams,
for in them is hidden the gate to eternity.
Your fear of death is but the trembling of the shepherd
when he stands before the king whose hand
is to be laid upon him in honour.
Is the shepherd not joyful beneath his trembling,
that he shall wear the mark of the king?
Yet is he not more mindful of his trembling?

For what is it to die but to stand naked in the wind
and to melt into the sun?
And what is it to cease breathing,
but to free the breath from its restless tides,
that it may rise and expand and seek God unencumbered?

Only when you drink from the river of silence
shall you indeed sing.
And when you have reached the mountain top,
then you shall begin to climb.
And when the earth shall claim your limbs,
then shall you truly dance.
on death -


kahlil gibran

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How a Mediator Works

For many years, the choice of methods in mediation had been considered so personal, and so specific to the goals and attitudes of the individuals involved, tha t a mediator 's effectiveness seemed to defy detailed analysis. "An art, not a science" became an all-too- familiar way of dismissing the subject. The successes of the dispute resolution movement, however, made this attitude increasingly risky. If a mediator's performance could not be evaluated according to intellectually respectable standards, a growing field would have no dependable way to select those who are best suited to do this work. Furthermore, it would remain difficult to explain what a given mediator could do to improve effectiveness. Such concerns led to a 1985-86 study, in which a group of five labor mediators chosen from twenty working for the Wisconsin Employment Relations Commission was observed closely to see if their sharply differentiated working styles contained any matrix of common skills and abilities. While subsequent research and deliberation has refined the initial description of the qualities needed, and while it is now clear that the c riteria will vary at least to some extent from one setting to the next, a brief account of that study's findings wil l help to show the significance of such a matrix of skills. On the surface, these mediators did almost everything differently. Initial taped interviews established that three were primarily interested in the problems of the moment, and in getting the se ttlement; two were more concerned with the parties' long-term relationship. Thus even within that one program, it became evident that some mediators were settlement- oriented while others were, in a phrase coined only several years afterwards, inclined towards the "transformative." This difference showed up in their quite disparate approaches to each of the ac tivities described below. At the time this was referred to as a matter of "style," but subsequent reflection suggests that this term failed to de lineate that the mediators involved in the study differed in their intent as well as their methods. 3 One mediator read up on comparable settlements and disputes before going to a meeting; two spent substantial time before each case discussing it with the negotiators on the telephone ; two others did almost no specific preparation. One mediator routinely used the physical environment, such as whom to sit next to in a caucus ; four at lea st professed to ignore it. Three used sideba r meetings as often as possible; two, as seldom as possible. And when asked to identify types of cases they particularly liked or disliked, no two came up with the same answer.

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nasehat einstein

   

     Kemarin, saya baru saja bercerita mengenai beberapa kegagalan saya juga berpengaruh terhadap jalan cerita hidup saya sekarang. Kali ini, saya belajar lagi beberapa hal bagus dari seorang ilmuwan selalu disebut-sebut sebagai jenius dalam bidang sains. Albert Einstein. Tak perlu bersiap-siap mengernyitkan kening, kita hanya akan membahas ringan tentang filosofi hidup singkat Einstein. Tidak ada Fisika, nuklir, atau hal-hal jenius. Hanya small things tapi sering terlupakan, padahal berpengaruh besar terhadap kehidupan kita. Apa saja nasehat bijak Einstein? yuk kita lihat.

1. Buntuti Terus Rasa Ingin Tahu Anda  
 "Saya bukan memiliki bakat khusus. Hanya selalu menikmati rasa ingin tahu saja." Membaca kutipan Einstein di atas membuat saya bertanya-tanya Seperti apa rasa ingin tahu itu? Saya selalu bertanya-tanya mengapa ada orang sukses, sementara banyak lainnya gagal; karena itu saya menghabiskan banyak waktu membaca banyak bahan. Mencari tahu koneksi berbagai hal terhadap kata 'sukses'. Mengejar jawaban rasa ingin tahu Anda adalah kunci rahasia kesukesan.

2. Tekun itu Tak Ternilai. 
  "Saya bukannya pintar, boleh dikatakan hanya bertahan lebih lama menghadapi masalah." Bayangkan seekor kura-kura di tengah rimba gunung, sementara dia ingin menuju pantai. Atau, apakah Anda setekun tunas mangga terus-menerus bertumbuh, berkembang sehingga akhirnya berbuah? Ada ungkapan bagus popular di kalangan pegawai pos, 'selembar prangko menjadi bernilai hanya karena ketika dia menempel pada surat hingga mengantarnya sampai ke tujuan'. Jadilah seperti prangko, selesaikan apa yang sudah Anda mulai.

3. Fokus pada saat ini.
"Seorang pria yang bisa menyetir dengan aman sementara mencium gadis cantik, sebenarnya tidak memberi penghargaan yang layak untuk ciumannya itu." Einstein kok ngomongin tentang ciuman ya? Ah, itu kan hanya istilah saja Tapi saya ingin cerita tentang kejadian ketika saya menjaga kebun duren di kebun. Begitu banyak kera seperti menunggu saya lengah dan menyikat durian ranum di atas pohon. Ayah saya bilang, saya tak akan bisa menembak dua kera sekaligus. Pengertian saya atas kata-kata beliau adalah, 'saya bisa melakukan banyak hal, tapi bukan semua hal sekaligus'. Belajar untuk 'berada di sini, saat ini'; berikan perhatian kepada apa yang sedang Anda kerjakan. Energi terfokus adalah sumber kekuatan. Itulah perbedaan antara kesuksesan dan kegagalan.

4. Imaginasi adalah kekuatan. 
 "Imaginasi adalah segalanya. Imaginasi adalah penarik masa depan. Imaginasi lebih penting daripada pengetahuan" Ungkapan Einstein ini sangat terkenal. Apakah Anda berimajinasi setiap hari? Imaginasi lebih penting dari pengetahuan! Imaginasi memainkan satu babak awal dalam pentas hidup masa depan Anda. Lagi, kata Einstein, "Tanda kejeneniusan sesungguhnya bukanlah pengetahuan melainkan imaginasi." Sekali lagi, apakah Anda sudah melatih otot-otot imaginasi Anda setiap hari? Jangan biarkan otot-otot itu menjadi kurus dan sakit-sakitan. Hidup tanpa imajinasi seperti mengikuti aliran sungai, pasrah mengikuti apapun kemauan dan ke mana arahnya. Tak memiliki kuasa atas apapun terhadap pilihan pun keinginan. Menyedihkan.

5. Buat Kesalahan.
"Seseorang yang tidak pernah membuat kesalahan sebenarnya tak pernah mencoba sesuatu yang baru." Einstein tak pernah takut dengan kesalahan. Tak perlu alergi dengan kesalahan. Catat baik-baik, KESALAHAN bukan KEGAGALAN. Dua hal tadi berbeda. Kesalahan-kesalahan dapat membantu Anda menjadi lebih baik, lebih cepat, lebih cerdas–jika Anda menggunakannya dengan tepat tentunya. Carilah sesuatu berbau baru–something new–dari kesalahan Anda. Seperti sudah dibilang sebelumnya, jika ingin sukses, belajar lebih banyak dari kesalahan Anda.

 6. Hidup pada saat ini.
 "Saya tak pernah memikirkan masa depan–itu akan datang sesaat lagi." Satu-satunya jalan agar hidup Anda baik dimasa depan adalah hidup dengan baik pada saat sekarang. Ah, lagi-lagi nasehat bijak untuk menyikapi waktu dengan tepat oleh pakar fisika quantum Einstein. Sangat tak mungkin mengubah kemarin karena sudah terjadi. Anda bisa lakukan sekarang adalah mengubah cara pandang Anda SAAT INI tentang kemarin agar menjadi lebih baik. Anda juga tidak bisa mengubah besok menjadi lebih baik, kecuali jika Anda melakukan yang terbaik pada saat ini. Masalahnya hanya tentang waktu, dan waktu tidak pernah ke mana-mana kok

7. Hargai diri Anda.
 "Berusahalah dengan keras bukan untuk menjadi sukses, tapi untuk menjadi lebih berharga." Tak perlu lah banting tulang untuk menjadi lebih sukes. Luangkan waktu Anda untuk menaikkan nilai diri Anda. Jika Anda memang bernilai, sukses akan datang menghampiri Anda. Apakah Einstein bekerja lebih keras untuk sukses? Saya pikir dia hanya terus menerus berinvestasi untuk meningkatkan nilai dirinya. Sukses datang sendiri kepadanya. Kenali bakat dan berkah karunia-Nya kepada Anda. Belajarlah mengasah mereka menjadi lebih tajam, gunakan untuk memberi manfaat sebanyak-banyaknyak kepada orang lain. Bekerjalah untuk menjadi bernilai, sukses akan mengejar Anda. Apakah berlian harganya sama dengan kerikil? Anda punya jawabannya Keduanya mengalami tekanan berbeda sehingga membedakan nilainya.

 8. Jangan mengharapkan Hasil Berbeda. 
  "Kegilaan: adalah melakukan sesuatu dengan cara sama berulang-ulang dan mengaharapkan hasil berbeda." Nasehat bijak Enstein di atas adalah favorit saya Anda jangan mengharapkan hasil menjadi lebih baik jika Anda masih bertahan dengan cara yang Anda pakai sekarang. Dengan ungkapan lain, Anda mimpi mengharapkan otot bisep Anda menjadi lebih 'seksi' jika masih mengangkat barbel ringan terus menerus. Jika ingin hidup Anda berubah, Anda harus berubah. Mengubah cara pikir, cara pandang dan cara melakukan sesuatu. Ketika Anda mengubah pikiran Anda, mengubah Sudut pandang Anda, mengubah tindakan Anda, hidup Anda akan berubah dengan sendirinya. Guys, bayangkan hal berikut: Ada seorang gadis manis tepat di depanmu. Bandingkan kedua aksi berikut. Pertama, kamu senyum tulus, reaksi si gadis adalah membalas senyummu. Kedua, kamu melotot padanya, bisa ditebak apa reaksi di gadis?

 9. Pengetahuan terasah melalui Pengalaman
 "Informasi bukanlah pengetahuan. Satu-satunya sumber pengetahuan adalah pengalaman." Setuju pak Einstein, saya tak berani membantah nasehat bapak di atas. Anda lebih berpengalaman daripada saya Pengetahuan itu berasal dari pengalaman. Anda bisa mendiskusikan sebuah proyek; tapi diskusi itu hanya akan memberi Anda informasi. Anda harus melakukan proyek tersebut untuk 'tahu' apakah proyek tersebut berjalan dengan benar atau tidak. Anda harus melakukannya untuk mengatasi munculnya masalah-masalah ditengah proyek berjalan. Itu membuat Anda memiliki pengalaman baru dan bermanfaat. Apa pesan Einstein? Carilah pengalaman! Jangan habiskan waktumu nonton sinetron cinta sementara dirimu setengah mati menginginkan pacar, misalnya Keluar dari duniamu sekarang dan pengalaman tak ternilai menunggumu di luar sana.

10. Pahami Aturan Main, Lalu Bermainlah Lebih Baik.
 "Anda harus memahami aturan permainan. Kemudian Anda harus bermain lebih baik daripada pemain lain." Bagi Einstein, dia cukup memahami aturan-aturan dasar Fisika lalu berpikir dan bekerja lebih baik dibanding fisikawan lainnya. Sederhananya, anda cukup melakukan dua hal saja. Pertama, yang harus anda lakukan adalah memahami 'peraturan' bagaimana cara Anda melakukannya. Kedua, Lakukan pekerjaan tersebut lebih baik dibanding orang lain. Jika Anda mampu melakukan dua hal ini dengan baik, sukses pasti masuk ke kantong Anda Well, itu tadi 10 kutipan nasehat bijak Albert Einstein dan terjemahan bebas oleh saya Semoga bisa bermanfaat untuk menjadi inspirasi dan membuat hidup lebih bijak. Terimkasih sudah membaca dan sebarkan nasehat bijak Einstein di atas

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perjanjian linggarjati

Indonesia menyatakan kemerdekaannya pada tanggal 17 Agustus 1945 namun Belanda tetap menekan Indonesia dan ingin menancapkan kekuasaannya kembali. Ketegangan antara Indonesia dan Belanda yang semakin hebat mendorong Inggris yang merasa bertanggungjawab atas masuknya Belanda ke Indonesia, mencari jalan keluar untuk menyelesaikan konflik yang terjadi. Duta istimewa Inggris di Asia Tenggara, Lord Killearn, datang menghadap Presiden Soekarno di Yogyakarta tanggal 26 Agustus 1946 dan menyodorkan diri menjadi perantara dalam perundingan Indonesia-Belanda.

Sebelum Perundingan Linggarjati berlangsung pada tanggal 1 November 1946, Panglima Besar Jenderal Sudirman dan Kepala Staf Letjen Urip Sumoharjo di Jakarta menandatangani gencatan senjata. Seterusnya tanggal 4 November 1946, pemerintah Belanda menyampaikan notanya kepada Staten General, bahwa Pemerintahan Republik Indonesia yang dipimpin Presiden Soekarno adalah suatu kenyataan yang tidak bisa dipungkiri.

Walaupun begitu, Perundingan Linggarjati berlangsung juga pada tanggal 15 November 1946. Dalam perundingan tersebut, Indonesia diwakili oleh Sutan Syahrir, sedangkan Belanda diwakili oleh Prof. Schermerhorn. Sebagai penengah adalah Lord Killearn dari Inggris. Isi Perundingan Linggarjati yaitu:

1.     Pengakuan status de facto RI atas Jawa, Madura, dan Sumatera oleh Belanda.
2. Pembentukan negara federal yang disebut Republik Indonesia Serikat (RIS).
3. Pembentukan Uni Indonesia-Belanda dengan Ratu Belanda sebagai kepala negara.
4. Pembentukan RIS dan Uni Indonesia-Belanda sebelum 1 Januari 1949 

Wilayah RIS dalam kesepakatan tersebut mencakup daerah bekas Hindia Belanda yang terdiri atas: Republik Indonesia, Kalimantan, dan Timur Besar. Persetujuan tersebut dilaksanakan pada 15 November 1946 dan baru memperoleh ratifikasi dari Komite Nasional Indonesia Pusat (KNIP) pada tanggal 25 Februari 1947 yang ditandatangani pada tanggal 25 Maret 1947 di Istana Negara, Jakarta.

Hasil Perjanjian Linggarjati memiliki kelemahan dan keuntungan bagi Indonesia. Kelemahannya, bila ditinjau dari segi wilayah kekuasaan, daerah RI menjadi sempit. Tetapi bila ditinjau dari segi keuntungannya, kedudukan Indonesia di mata internasional semakin kuat karena banyak negara seperti Inggris, Amerika, dan negara-negara Arab mengakui kedaulatan negara RI. Hal ini tidak terlepas dari peran politik diplomasi Indonesia yang dilakukan oleh Sutan Syahrir, H. Agus Salim, Sujatmoko, dan Dr. Sumitro Joyohadikusumo dalam sidang Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa (PBB).

Referensi: http://id.wikisource.org/wiki/Perjanjian_Linggarjati

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perbedaan orang indonesia dan jepang

1. Ketika di kendaraan umum:
Jepang: Orang2 pada baca buku atau tidur.
Indonesia: Orang2 pada ngobrol, ngegosip, ketawa-ketiwi cekikikan, ngelamun dan tidur.

 2. Ketika makan dikendaraan umum:
Jepang: Sampah sisa makanan disimpan ke dalam saku celana atau dimasukkan ke dalam tas, kemudian baru dibuang setelah nemu tong sampah.
Indonesia: Dengan wajah tanpa dosa, sampah sisa makanan dibuang gitu aja di kolong bangku/dilempar ke luar jendela.

3. Ketika dikelas:
 Jepang: Yang kosong adalah bangku kuliah paling belakang.
 Indonesia: Yang kosong adalah bangku kuliah paling depan.

4. Ketika dosen memberikan kuliah:
 Jepang: Semua mahasiswa sunyi senyap mendengarkan dengan serius.
Indonesia: Tengok ke kiri, ada yg ngobrol. Tengok ke kanan, ada yg baca komik. Tengok ke belakang, pada tidur. Cuman barisan depan aja yg anteng dengerin, itu pun karena duduk pas di depan hidung dosen!

5. Ketika diberi tugas oleh dosen:
 Jepang: Hari itu juga, siang/malemnya langsung nyerbu perpustakaan atau browsing internet buat cari data.
Indonesia: Kalau masih ada hari esok, ngapain dikerjain hari ini!

 6. Ketika terlambat masuk kelas:
 Jepang: Memohon maaf sambil membungkukkan badan 90 derajat, dan menunjukkan ekspresi malu + menyesal gak akan mengulangi lagi.
Indonesia: Slonong boy & slonong girl masuk gitu aja tanpa bilang permisi ke dosen sama sekali.

7. Ketika dijalan raya: Jepang: Mobil sangat jarang (kecuali di kota besar). Padahal jepang kan negara produsen mobil terbesar di dunia, mobilnya pada ke mana ya? Indonesia: Jalanan macet, parkiran dimana-mana, dan yang nyeleneh banyaknya para anak remaja labil yang pamer suara rombeng knalpot.

8. Ketika jam kantor: Jepang: Jalanan sepiiiii banget, kayak kota mati. Indonesia: Banyak oknum pake seragam putih abu-abu pada keluyuran di mall-mall.

9. Ketika buang sampah: Jepang: Sampah dibuang sesuai jenisnya. Sampah organik dibuang di tempat sampah khusus organik, sampah anorganik dibuang di tempat sampah anorganik. Indonesia: Mau organik kek, anorganik kek, bangke binatang kek, semuanya tumplek jadi 1 dalam kantong kresek.

 10. Ketika berangkat kantor: Jepang: Berangkat naik kereta/bus kota. Mobil cuma dipake saat acara keluarga atau yg bersifat mendesak aja. Indonesia: Gengsi dooonk… Masa’ naik angkot?!

11. Ketika janjian ketemu:
Jepang: Ting…tong…semuanya datang tepat pada jam yg disepakati.
Indonesia: Salah 1 pihak pasti ada dibiarkan sampai berjamur & berkerak gara2 kelamaan nunggu!

12. Ketika berjalan dipagi hari:
Jepang: Orang2 pada jalan super cepat kayak dikejar doggy, karena khawatir telat ke kantor/sekolah. Indonesia: Nyantai aja cing…! Si boss juga paling datengnya telat!
Read more: http://serba-id.blogspot.com/2011/12/1.html#ixzz2Qag7xWPg

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nasehat einstein

Kemarin, saya baru saja bercerita mengenai beberapa kegagalan saya juga berpengaruh terhadap jalan cerita hidup saya sekarang. Kali ini, saya belajar lagi beberapa hal bagus dari seorang ilmuwan selalu disebut-sebut sebagai jenius dalam bidang sains. Albert Einstein. Tak perlu bersiap-siap mengernyitkan kening, kita hanya akan membahas ringan tentang filosofi hidup singkat Einstein. Tidak ada Fisika, nuklir, atau hal-hal jenius. Hanya small things tapi sering terlupakan, padahal berpengaruh besar terhadap kehidupan kita. Apa saja nasehat bijak Einstein? yuk kita lihat.

1. Buntuti Terus Rasa Ingin Tahu Anda "Saya bukan memiliki bakat khusus. Hanya selalu menikmati rasa ingin tahu saja." Membaca kutipan Einstein di atas membuat saya bertanya-tanya Seperti apa rasa ingin tahu itu? Saya selalu bertanya-tanya mengapa ada orang sukses, sementara banyak lainnya gagal; karena itu saya menghabiskan banyak waktu membaca banyak bahan. Mencari tahu koneksi berbagai hal terhadap kata 'sukses'. Mengejar jawaban rasa ingin tahu Anda adalah kunci rahasia kesukesan.

 2. Tekun itu Tak Ternilai. "Saya bukannya pintar, boleh dikatakan hanya bertahan lebih lama menghadapi masalah." Bayangkan seekor kura-kura di tengah rimba gunung, sementara dia ingin menuju pantai. Atau, apakah Anda setekun tunas mangga terus-menerus bertumbuh, berkembang sehingga akhirnya berbuah? Ada ungkapan bagus popular di kalangan pegawai pos, 'selembar prangko menjadi bernilai hanya karena ketika dia menempel pada surat hingga mengantarnya sampai ke tujuan'. Jadilah seperti prangko, selesaikan apa yang sudah Anda mulai.

 3. Fokus pada saat ini. "Seorang pria yang bisa menyetir dengan aman sementara mencium gadis cantik, sebenarnya tidak memberi penghargaan yang layak untuk ciumannya itu." Einstein kok ngomongin tentang ciuman ya? Ah, itu kan hanya istilah saja :) Tapi saya ingin cerita tentang kejadian ketika saya menjaga kebun duren di kebun. Begitu banyak kera seperti menunggu saya lengah dan menyikat durian ranum di atas pohon. Ayah saya bilang, saya tak akan bisa menembak dua kera sekaligus. Pengertian saya atas kata-kata beliau adalah, 'saya bisa melakukan banyak hal, tapi bukan semua hal sekaligus'. Belajar untuk 'berada di sini, saat ini'; berikan perhatian kepada apa yang sedang Anda kerjakan. Energi terfokus adalah sumber kekuatan. Itulah perbedaan antara kesuksesan dan kegagalan.

4. Imaginasi adalah kekuatan. "Imaginasi adalah segalanya. Imaginasi adalah penarik masa depan. Imaginasi lebih penting daripada pengetahuan" Ungkapan Einstein ini sangat terkenal. Apakah Anda berimajinasi setiap hari? Imaginasi lebih penting dari pengetahuan! Imaginasi memainkan satu babak awal dalam pentas hidup masa depan Anda. Lagi, kata Einstein, "Tanda kejeneniusan sesungguhnya bukanlah pengetahuan melainkan imaginasi." Sekali lagi, apakah Anda sudah melatih otot-otot imaginasi Anda setiap hari? Jangan biarkan otot-otot itu menjadi kurus dan sakit-sakitan. Hidup tanpa imajinasi seperti mengikuti aliran sungai, pasrah mengikuti apapun kemauan dan ke mana arahnya. Tak memiliki kuasa atas apapun terhadap pilihan pun keinginan. Menyedihkan
.
5. Buat Kesalahan. "Seseorang yang tidak pernah membuat kesalahan sebenarnya tak pernah mencoba sesuatu yang baru." Einstein tak pernah takut dengan kesalahan. Tak perlu alergi dengan kesalahan. Catat baik-baik, KESALAHAN bukan KEGAGALAN. Dua hal tadi berbeda. Kesalahan-kesalahan dapat membantu Anda menjadi lebih baik, lebih cepat, lebih cerdas–jika Anda menggunakannya dengan tepat tentunya. Carilah sesuatu berbau baru–something new–dari kesalahan Anda. Seperti sudah dibilang sebelumnya, jika ingin sukses, belajar lebih banyak dari kesalahan Anda.

6. Hidup pada saat ini. "Saya tak pernah memikirkan masa depan–itu akan datang sesaat lagi." Satu-satunya jalan agar hidup Anda baik dimasa depan adalah hidup dengan baik pada saat sekarang. Ah, lagi-lagi nasehat bijak untuk menyikapi waktu dengan tepat oleh pakar fisika quantum Einstein. Sangat tak mungkin mengubah kemarin karena sudah terjadi. Anda bisa lakukan sekarang adalah mengubah cara pandang Anda SAAT INI tentang kemarin agar menjadi lebih baik. Anda juga tidak bisa mengubah besok menjadi lebih baik, kecuali jika Anda melakukan yang terbaik pada saat ini. Masalahnya hanya tentang waktu, dan waktu tidak pernah ke mana-mana kok :)

7. Hargai diri Anda. "Berusahalah dengan keras bukan untuk menjadi sukses, tapi untuk menjadi lebih berharga." Tak perlu lah banting tulang untuk menjadi lebih sukes. Luangkan waktu Anda untuk menaikkan nilai diri Anda. Jika Anda memang bernilai, sukses akan datang menghampiri Anda. Apakah Einstein bekerja lebih keras untuk sukses? Saya pikir dia hanya terus menerus berinvestasi untuk meningkatkan nilai dirinya. Sukses datang sendiri kepadanya. Kenali bakat dan berkah karunia-Nya kepada Anda. Belajarlah mengasah mereka menjadi lebih tajam, gunakan untuk memberi manfaat sebanyak-banyaknyak kepada orang lain. Bekerjalah untuk menjadi bernilai, sukses akan mengejar Anda. Apakah berlian harganya sama dengan kerikil? Anda punya jawabannya :) Keduanya mengalami tekanan berbeda sehingga membedakan nilainya.

 8. Jangan mengharapkan Hasil Berbeda. "Kegilaan: adalah melakukan sesuatu dengan cara sama berulang-ulang dan mengaharapkan hasil berbeda." Nasehat bijak Enstein di atas adalah favorit saya :) Anda jangan mengharapkan hasil menjadi lebih baik jika Anda masih bertahan dengan cara yang Anda pakai sekarang. Dengan ungkapan lain, Anda mimpi mengharapkan otot bisep Anda menjadi lebih 'seksi' jika masih mengangkat barbel ringan terus menerus. Jika ingin hidup Anda berubah, Anda harus berubah. Mengubah cara pikir, cara pandang dan cara melakukan sesuatu. Ketika Anda mengubah pikiran Anda, mengubah Sudut pandang Anda, mengubah tindakan Anda, hidup Anda akan berubah dengan sendirinya. Guys, bayangkan hal berikut: Ada seorang gadis manis tepat di depanmu. Bandingkan kedua aksi berikut. Pertama, kamu senyum tulus, reaksi si gadis adalah membalas senyummu. Kedua, kamu melotot padanya, bisa ditebak apa reaksi di gadis? :)

 9. Pengetahuan terasah melalui Pengalaman "Informasi bukanlah pengetahuan. Satu-satunya sumber pengetahuan adalah pengalaman." Setuju pak Einstein, saya tak berani membantah nasehat bapak di atas. Anda lebih berpengalaman daripada saya :) Pengetahuan itu berasal dari pengalaman. Anda bisa mendiskusikan sebuah proyek; tapi diskusi itu hanya akan memberi Anda informasi. Anda harus melakukan proyek tersebut untuk 'tahu' apakah proyek tersebut berjalan dengan benar atau tidak. Anda harus melakukannya untuk mengatasi munculnya masalah-masalah ditengah proyek berjalan. Itu membuat Anda memiliki pengalaman baru dan bermanfaat. Apa pesan Einstein? Carilah pengalaman! Jangan habiskan waktumu nonton sinetron cinta sementara dirimu setengah mati menginginkan pacar, misalnya :) Keluar dari duniamu sekarang dan pengalaman tak ternilai menunggumu di luar sana.

10. Pahami Aturan Main, Lalu Bermainlah Lebih Baik. "Anda harus memahami aturan permainan. Kemudian Anda harus bermain lebih baik daripada pemain lain." Bagi Einstein, dia cukup memahami aturan-aturan dasar Fisika lalu berpikir dan bekerja lebih baik dibanding fisikawan lainnya. Sederhananya, anda cukup melakukan dua hal saja. Pertama, yang harus anda lakukan adalah memahami 'peraturan' bagaimana cara Anda melakukannya. Kedua, Lakukan pekerjaan tersebut lebih baik dibanding orang lain. Jika Anda mampu melakukan dua hal ini dengan baik, sukses pasti masuk ke kantong Anda :) Well, itu tadi 10 kutipan nasehat bijak Albert Einstein dan terjemahan bebas oleh saya :) Semoga bisa bermanfaat untuk menjadi inspirasi dan membuat hidup lebih bijak. Terimkasih sudah membaca dan sebarkan nasehat bijak Einstein di atas

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one direction lyrics

You're insecure
Don't know what for
You're turning heads when you walk through the door
Don't need make up
To cover up
Being the way that you are is enough

Everyone else in the room can see it
Everyone else but you

[Chorus]
Baby you light up my world like nobody else
The way that you flip your hair gets me overwhelmed
But when you smile at the ground it aint hard to tell
You don't know
Oh Oh
You don't know you're beautiful

If only you saw what I can see
You'll understand why I want you so desperately
Right now I'm looking at you and I can't believe
You don't know
Oh oh
You don't know you're beautiful
Oh oh
That what makes you beautiful

So c-come on
You got it wrong
To prove I'm right I put it in a song
I don't know why
You're being shy
And turn away when I look into your eyes

Everyone else in the room can see it
Everyone else but you

[Chorus]

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A Short Story: How to Persist and Persever

A Short Story: How to Persist and Persever

A middle aged man who goes by the name of Oliver approaches a monastery located high atop the Himalayan Mountains. He’s tired, sad, disheartened and somewhat angry. He’s trekked here for weeks in order to find answers — answers to his struggles, and answers for the setbacks that seem to be keeping him away from his greatest accomplishments.

He enters the monastery and out of exhaustion drops to the floor. Lying there face down on the ground he thinks about his wasted life, about the problems that always seem to get in his way, and about the difficulties that he faces every single day. Life seems like an uphill battle that never ends. It seems as though he’s carrying the world on his shoulders and the burden is simply too heavy for him to bare.

A moment passes, when suddenly a dark figure approaches and helps him off the ground. Oliver looks up and sees the kind face of a Monk looking back at him. This face is familiar and welcoming.

The Monk sits him down without saying a word and just gazes into Oliver’s eyes. What he sees is heartache, defeat and despair. Oliver’s face looks very familiar, and it should, because he was in fact an orphan who was raised within this Monastery as a child.

Monk: “What brings you back here my dear friend?”

Oliver: “Master, you are all knowing, and I’ve come here searching for answers. I have all these hopes and dreams; I want to accomplish all these amazing things, however, everything I do seems to lead down a path to despair. I am a total failure, and I just don’t know what to do. I’ve experienced so many heartbreaking losses over the years that I just feel like I have no more to give.”

Monk: “Did you know that time and again, history has demonstrated that the most notable winners usually encountered heartbreaking obstacles before they triumphed? They won because they refused to become discouraged by their defeat.”

    How does this defeat make me stronger?

    What opportunities does it present me with?

    What’s the next step I must take?

Oliver: “Yes, I’ve been there. So many obstacles, but I still haven’t triumphed. I seem to be stuck in the same place, going nowhere.”

Monk: “Yes, you may not be there yet, but you’re certainly closer then you were yesterday. You made the trek up here for answers, did you not?”

    How am I closer?

    What must I do next?

Oliver: “Yes.”

Monk: “Well then, you are closer then you were yesterday to finding the answers you’re searching for, are you not?”

Oliver: “Yes, but it seems as though I’ve tried everything, and nothing seems to have worked. I have a good education. My friends and family even tell me that I have the talent to achieve anything my heart desires, and I honestly believe that, but so far, nothing.”

Monk: “Oliver, please listen to my words carefully. Nothing in the world can take the place of persistence. Talent will not; nothing is more common than unsuccessful men with talent. Genius will not; unrewarded genius is almost a proverb. Education will not; the world is full of educated derelicts. Persistence and determination alone are omnipotent. The slogan “Press On” has solved and always will solve the problems of the human race.”

    Where can I try harder?

    How can I push myself further?

Oliver: “Okay, I see your point, but things always seem so hard that I just feel like giving up.”

Monk: “That which we persist in doing becomes easier, not that the task itself has become easier, but that our ability to perform it has improved.”

    What have I learned?

    How have I improved?

    How can this help me moving forward?

Oliver: “So what you’re saying is that through the act of persistence things will become easier. I think I get that. It’s like a skill. I persist through something and eventually I learn more about what works and doesn’t work and as a result I get better. But… but I’m afraid. I guess I’m afraid of making a mistakes, and of failure.”

Monk: “There is no failure for the man who realizes his power, who never knows when he is beaten; there is no failure for the determined endeavor, the conquerable will. There is no failure for the man who gets up every time he falls, who rebounds like a rubber ball, who persists when everyone else gives up, who pushes on when everyone else turns back.”

    I think I can do this…

    I know I can do this…

    I believe I can do this…

    I’m certain I can do this…

    Let’s just do this…

Oliver: “Okay, I see where you’re coming from. I have to get up each time I fall down like a rubber ball. I really like that analogy. Actually on some days I’ve spent time meditating and contemplating, like you do here in the mountains. I’m hopeful that my meditations and visualizations will help me to become more aware and spot opportunities throughout the day.”

Monk: “And that is where you make a mistake my dear friend. You must stop meditating and keep moving forward, and the chances are that you will stumble on something, perhaps when you least expect it. I never heard of anyone ever stumbling on something sitting down. I certainly haven’t. There’s nothing else for me to do here but to meditate. The only thing I’ll stumble across, is down a set of stairs.”

    Get up! Get Moving! Just Do it!

    Opportunities are everywhere. Go out and get them.

Monk: “If you get off your butt and just keep moving forward you will soon realize that you just can’t beat a person who never gives up.”

Oliver: “Do you think that is why some people succeed? Is it because they simply don’t give up?”

Monk: “Yes, of course. Even people of mediocre ability sometimes achieve outstanding success because they don’t know when to quit. Most men succeed because they are determined to. Their intelligence isn’t what gives them the edge. What gives them the edge is that they stay with problems longer and persist while others are quitting.”

    How else could this problem be solved?

    What else could I do here?

    Stick with it, just a little longer…

Oliver: “But it sometimes seems as though I work so hard, spend so long on something and I just seem to be making no progress at all. Life just doesn’t seem fair, and hard work doesn’t always bring results. There must be something more to it.”

Monk: “Have you ever seen a stone-cutter hammering away at his rock, perhaps a hundred times without as much as a crack showing in it? Yet at the hundred-and-first blow it will split in two, and I know it was not the last blow that did it, but all that had gone before.”

    Just keep chipping away…

Oliver: “Wow, I love that. I guess you just have to have strength to keep moving on.”

Monk: “No you don’t. Strength has nothing to do with it. In the confrontation between the stream and the rock, the stream always wins — not through strength, but through persistence.”

    How am I making progress?

    What more could I do?

Oliver: “So what you’re basically saying is that success seems to be a matter of hanging on after others have let go. Is that right?”

Monk: “Yes, that is correct. And when you feel as though you’ve reached the end of your rope, simply tie a knot in it and hang on.”

Oliver: “Hang on, and don’t let go. That is good. I will use that the next time I’m facing a setback. I guess the toughest part is overcoming those really big obstacles that life tends to throw my way. They are like gigantic mountains in my path that I can’t seem to look beyond.” :(

Monk: “My dear Oliver. Did you not learn your lesson coming here today? Can I ask you, how many times you stumbled and fell while making the trek up this mountain to see me?”

Oliver: “Well, I guess I stumbled quite a number of times on my journey here.”

Monk: “But you kept getting back up and moving forward. You essentially bounced up like a rubber ball and made your way until you reached your destination. Is that correct?”

Oliver: “Yes, that is correct.” :)

Monk: “Then there is only one more lesson you need to learn. The lesson is that nobody trips over mountains. It is the small pebbles that cause you to stumble. Pass all the pebbles in your path and you will find you have crossed the mountain.”

    Just another step forward…

    I’ll eventually get there…

And with that, the Monk stood up and walked away, leaving Oliver to contemplate the lessons learned.

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the audiolingual method

4 The Audio-Lingual Method (Pages 35-51)
1- Compare and contrast the Direct Method and the Audio-Lingual Method.
(1) Both are oral-based approaches.
(2) The Direct Method emphasizes vocabulary acquisition through exposure to its use in
situations; the Audio-Lingual Method drills students in the use of grammatical sentence
patterns.
(3) Unlike the Direct Method, the Audio-Lingual Method has a strong theoretical base in
linguistics and psychology.
2- How has the behavioral psychology influenced the Audio-Lingual Method?
(1) It was thought that the way to acquire the sentence patterns of the target language
was through conditioning—helping learners to respond correctly to stimuli through
shaping and reinforcement.
(2) Learners could overcome the habits of their native language and form the new habits
required to be target language speakers.
3- Define a backward build-up drill (expansion drill). State its purpose and
advantages.
(1) Definition: The teacher breaks down a line into several parts. The students repeat a
part of the sentence, usually the last phrase of the line. Then, following the teacher's cue,
the students expand what they are repeating part by part until they are able to repeat the
entire line. The teacher begins with the part at the end of the sentence (and works
backward from there) to keep the intonation of the line as natural as possible. This also
directs more student attention to the end of the sentence, where new information typically
occurs.
(2) Purpose: The purpose of this drill is to break down the troublesome sentence into
smaller parts.
(3) Advantages: (a) The teacher is able to give the students help in producing the
troublesome line. (b) Having worked on the line in small pieces, the students are also
able to take note of where each word or phrase begins and ends in the sentence.
4- Define a repetition drill.
Students are asked to listen carefully to the teacher's model, and then they have to repeat
and attempt to mimic the model as accurately and as quickly as possible.
5- Define a chain drill. State its advantages.
(1) Definition: The chain of conversation that forms around the room as students, oneby-
one, ask and answer questions of each other. The teacher begins the chain by greeting
a particular student, or asking him a question. That student responds, and then turns to the
student sitting next to him.
(2) Advantages: (A) A chain drill gives students an opportunity to say the lines
individually. (B) The teacher listens and can tell which students are struggling and will
need more practice. (C) A chain drill also lets students use the expressions in communication
with someone else, even though the communication is very limited.
6- Define a single-slot substitution drill. State its purpose.
(1) Definition: The teacher says a line, usually from the dialog. Next, the teacher says a
word or a phrase—called the cue. The students repeat the line the teacher has given them,
substituting the cue into the line in its proper place.
(2) Purpose: The major purpose of this drill is to give the students practice in finding
and filling in the slots of a sentence.
7- Define a multiple-slot substitution drill. State its purpose.
This drill is similar to the single-slot substitution drill. The difference is that the teacher
gives cue phrases, one at a time, that fit into different slots in the dialog line. The students
must recognize what part of speech each cue is, or at least, where it fits into the sentence,
and make any other changes, such as subject-verb agreement. They then say the line,
fitting the cue phrase into the line where it belongs.
8- Define transformation drill.
Students are asked to change one type of sentence into another—an affirmative sentence
into a negative or an active sentence into a passive.
9- Define Question-and-answer drill.
This drill gives students practice with answering questions. The students should answer
the teacher's questions very quickly.
10- Define contrastive analysis.
Contrastive analysis is the comparison of two languages (a comparison between the
students' native language and the language they are studying).
11- What is the importance of contrastive analysis in the Audio-Lingual Method?
It helps the teacher to locate the places where s/he anticipates her/his students will have
trouble. Also, a contrastive analysis between the students’ native language and the target
language will reveal where a teacher should expect the most interference.
12- State the main principles of the Audio-Lingual Method.
1) Language forms do not occur by themselves; they occur most naturally within a
context.
2) One of the language teacher's major roles is that of a model of the target language.
3) Language learning is a process of habit formation.
4) It is important to prevent learners from making errors. Errors lead to the formation of
bad habits.
5) Positive reinforcement helps the students to develop correct habits.
6) Students should 'overlearn,' i.e. learn to answer automatically without stopping to
think.
7) Students should acquire the structural patterns; students will learn vocabulary
afterward.
8) The learning of a foreign language should be the same as the acquisition of the native
language.
9) Speech is more basic to language than the written form. The 'natural order’ of skill
acquisition is: listening, speaking, reading, and writing.
10) Language cannot be separated from culture. Culture is the everyday behavior of the
people who use the target language.
13- What are the goals of teachers who use the Audio-Lingual Method?
(1) Teachers want their students to be able to use the target language communicatively.
(2) Students need to overlearn the target language.
(3) Students need to learn to use the target language automatically without stopping to
think.
(4) Students achieve this by forming new habits in the target language and overcoming
the old habits of their native language.
14- What is the role of the teacher? What is the role of the students?
(1) The teacher is like an orchestra leader, directing and controlling the language
behavior of her students.
(2) The teacher is also responsible for providing students with a good model for
imitation.
(3) Students are imitators of the teacher's model or the tapes the teacher supplies of
model speakers.
(4) Students follow the teacher's directions and respond as accurately and as rapidly as
possible.
15- What are some characteristics of the teaching/learning process?
(1) New vocabulary and structural patterns are presented through dialogs.
(2) The dialogs are learned through imitation and repetition.
(3) Drills are conducted based upon the patterns present in the dialog.
(4) Students' successful responses are positively reinforced.
(5) Grammar is induced from the examples given; explicit grammar rules are not
provided.
(6) Cultural information is contextualized in the dialogs or presented by the teacher.
(7) Students’ reading and written work is based upon the oral work they did earlier.
16- What is the nature of student-teacher interaction? What is the nature of
student-student interaction?
There is student-to-student interaction in chain drills or when students take different roles
in dialogs, but this interaction is teacher-directed. Most of the interaction is between
teacher and students and is initiated by the teacher.
17- How is the language viewed? How is the culture viewed?
(1) Every language is seen as having its own unique system.
(2) The system is comprised of several different levels: phonological, morphological,
and syntactic. Each level has its own distinctive patterns.
(3) Everyday speech is emphasized in the Audio-Lingual Method.
(4) The level of complexity of the speech is graded, however, so that beginning students
are presented with only simple patterns.
(5) Culture consists of the everyday behavior and lifestyle of the target language
speakers.
18- What areas of language are emphasized? What language skills are emphasized?
(1) Vocabulary is kept to a minimum while the students are mastering the sound system
and grammatical patterns.
(2) A grammatical pattern is not the same as a sentence. For instance, underlying the
following three sentences is the same grammatical pattern: Meg called, The Blue Jays
won, The team practiced.
(3) The natural order of skills presentation is adhered to: listening, speaking, reading,
and writing.
(4) The oral/aural skills receive most of the attention.
(5) What students write they have first been introduced to orally.
(6) Pronunciation is taught from the beginning, often by students working in language
laboratories on discriminating between members of minimal pairs.
19- What is the role of the students' native language?
(1) The habits of the students’ native language are thought to interfere with the students’
attempts to master the target language. Therefore, the target language is used in the
classroom, not the students’ native language.
(2) A contrastive analysis between the students’ native language and the target language
will reveal where a teacher should expect the most interference.
20- How is evaluation accomplished?
It would be discrete-point in nature, that is, each question on the test would focus on only
one point of the language at a time. Students might be asked to distinguish between
words in a minimal pair, for example, or to supply an appropriate verb form in a
sentence.
21- How does the teacher respond to student errors?
Student errors are to be avoided if at all possible through the teacher's awareness of
where the students will have difficulty and restriction of what they are taught to say.
22- What are the main techniques associated with the Audio-Lingual Method?
23- Discuss …………….. as a technique of the Audio-Lingual Method.
1) Dialog memorization
a) Dialogs or short conversations between two people are often used to begin a new
lesson.
b) Students memorize the dialog through mimicry.
c) In the Audio-Lingual Method, certain sentence patterns and grammar points are
included within the dialog.
d) These patterns and points are later practiced in drills based on the lines of the dialog.
2) Backward build-up (expansion) drill (see question No. 3)
3) Repetition drill (see question No. 4)
4) Chain drill (see question No. 5)
5) Single-slot substitution drill (see question No. 6)
6) Multiple-slot substitution drill (see question No. 7)
7) Transformation drill (see question No. 8)
8) Question-and-answer drill (see question No. 9)
9) Use of minimal pairs
The teacher works with pairs of words which differ in only one sound; for example,
'ship/sheep.' Students are first asked to perceive the difference between the two words
and later to be able to say the two words. The teacher selects the sounds to work on after
s/he has done a contrastive analysis.
10) Complete the dialog
Selected words are erased from a dialog students have learned. Students complete the
dialog by filling the blanks with the missing words.
11) Grammar game
Games are used in the Audio-Lingual Method. The games are designed to get students to
practice a grammar point within a context. Students are able to express themselves,
although it is rather limited in this game. There is also a lot of repetition in this game.
24- Highlights of the Audio-Lingual Method.
(1) Language acquisition results from habit formation.
(2) The habits of the native language will interfere with target language learning.
(3) The commission of errors should be prevented as much as possible.
(4) The major focus should be on the structural patterns of the target language.
(5) A dialog is a useful way to introduce new material.
(6) A dialog should be memorized through mimicry of the teacher's model.
(7) Structure drills are valuable pedagogical activities.
(8) Working on pronunciation through minimal-pair drills is a worthwhile activity.

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